Cancer treatment has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, revolutionizing the landscape of oncology and improving patient outcomes. This comprehensive review provides an overview of current perspectives in cancer treatment, encompassing the latest developments in surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and emerging modalities such as precision medicine and adoptive cell therapy. We explore the principles underlying each treatment modality, including mechanisms of action, indications, efficacy, and toxicity profiles. Moreover, we discuss novel therapeutic strategies and combination approaches aimed at overcoming treatment resistance, minimizing adverse effects, and maximizing therapeutic efficacy. By synthesizing insights from clinical trials, translational research, and real-world evidence, this review aims to inform oncologists, researchers, and healthcare providers about the evolving landscape of cancer treatment and guide clinical decision-making in the era of precision oncology.