Sub-Saharan

Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Biology, and Management

  • Onyewuchi, AJ1
  • Uko,AF2
  • Otene, SA3
  • Gbaa, ZL2
  • Anenga, Rn4
  • Ugwu, I 5
  • Umobong, Eo6
  • Ojo, BA7
  • Gbaa, Af8

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer mortality. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)—defined by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2—accounts for roughly 15–20% of breast cancers globally and is associated with aggressive biology, early relapse, and poorer survival compared with other subtypes … Read more

Liquid Biopsy in Oncology: A Review of Global Perspectives, Sub-Saharan African Realities, and Future Innovations

  • Otene, SA 1
  • Ugwu, IV 2
  • Umobong, EO3
  • Gbaa, ZL4
  • Onyewuchi, AJ5
  • Anenga, RN6
  • Ojo, BA7
  • Gbaa, A8

Introduction: Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with almost 20 million new cases and 9.7 million deaths documented in 2022, signifying a continual rise in occurrence in both wealthy and impoverished areas [1]. Conventional tissue biopsy has proven essential for cancer diagnosis and molecular characterisation; nevertheless, it is inherently invasive, time-consuming, … Read more