Article Archive: Volume 4 Issue 1 2025

Advances in Colorectal Cancer Detection: A Review of Biomarkers, Imaging and Prevention

  • Uko AF1
  • Gbaa LZ2
  • Onyewuchi AJ 1
  • Tsegha LJ 3
  • Otene, SA4

Introduction  Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the primary causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for an estimated 1.9 million new cases and 900,000 deaths annually {1}. Historically, its incidence has been greater in developed nations; however, recent epidemiological trends reveal an increasing prevalence in low- and middle-income areas, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and … Read more

Incidence of Vertebral Fracture in Iraqi Osteoporotic Patients

  • Mazin Jabbar Kathim1
  • Al-Alwani Yaqeen Mazin Jabbar2

Introduction Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterised by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in increased bone fragility and a higher risk of fractures. This issue constitutes a significant global public health challenge, affecting an estimated 200 million women globally and resulting in considerable morbidity, mortality, and economic impact. Fragility … Read more

A Prospective Study Comparing Bacterial and Viral Tonsillitis, Diagnostic Pattern and Therapeutic Outcomes

  • Rasheedunnisa Begum1
  • Noorunnisa Begum2
  • Sumaiya Firdouse2
  • Rauf Fathima Banu1
  • Ather Sultana1
  • Juveriya3

INTRODUCTION: Tonsillitis, defined as inflammation of the palatine tonsils, remains a prevalent condition and accounts for 1.3% of outpatient consultations. In uncomplicated cases, it commonly presents with a sore throat and is most often attributable to either bacterial or viral pathogens. Clinical evaluation is sufficient for diagnosing acute tonsillitis; however, differentiating between bacterial and viral … Read more

Liquid Biopsy in Oncology: A Review of Global Perspectives, Sub-Saharan African Realities, and Future Innovations

  • Otene, SA 1
  • Ugwu, IV 2
  • Umobong, EO3
  • Gbaa, ZL4
  • Onyewuchi, AJ5
  • Anenga, RN6
  • Ojo, BA7
  • Gbaa, A8

Introduction: Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with almost 20 million new cases and 9.7 million deaths documented in 2022, signifying a continual rise in occurrence in both wealthy and impoverished areas [1]. Conventional tissue biopsy has proven essential for cancer diagnosis and molecular characterisation; nevertheless, it is inherently invasive, time-consuming, … Read more

Unveiling the Timeline of Liquid Biopsy Analytes Release: Review of the Implications for Early Cancer Detection

  • Umobong EO1
  • Gbaa ZL2
  • Anenga Rn3
  • Ugwu I4
  • Tsegha LJ5
  • Ojo BA6
  • Gbaa FA7
  • Otene, Sa8

Introduction Cancer remains one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality, with an estimated 19.3 million new cases and 10 million deaths reported in 2020 alone [1]. Despite advances in therapeutics, survival outcomes are largely determined by the stage at diagnosis, highlighting the critical importance of early detection. Conventional diagnostic approaches, such as … Read more

Liquid Biopsy: A Review of Non-Invasive Frontier in Cancer Diagnosis and Management

  • Anenga RN1
  • Ugwu IV2
  • Umobong EO3
  • Gbaa ZL4
  • Tsegha LJ5
  • Ojo BA6
  • Gbaa FA7
  • Otene, Sa8

Introduction: With an estimated 19.3 million new cases and almost 10 million deaths in 2020 alone, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide [1]. Invasive tissue biopsy is the conventional “gold standard” for molecular profiling and cancer diagnosis. Despite its value, this procedure is frequently constrained by its risks, which include … Read more

Role of Sū’-i- Mizāj in the Etiopathogenesis of Fawāq (Hiccups)

  • Sadaf Ambreen1
  • Nida Sultana2
  • Ataullah Fahad2

In the Unani system of medicine, mizāj (temperament) is a fundamental principle that dictates the structural and functional integrity of the body. Health (Ṣiḥḥat) is considered the result of a balanced mizāj. A deviation from this balance, termed Sū’-i-Mizāj, is the underlying cause of most diseases. Fawāq, commonly known as hiccup or hichkī, is a … Read more

Ascites in Dogs: A Comprehensive Study on Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management

  • Ankit Kaushik
  • Ravinandan Verma
  • Satyavrat Singh
  • Alok Singh
  • Sonu Jaiswal

Introduction Ascites, defined as the pathological accumulation of serous or serosanguineous fluid within the peritoneal cavity, is a common clinical manifestation in dogs and often signals systemic or organ-specific dysfunctions. The condition is most frequently associated with hepatic insufficiency, congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and hypoalbuminemia, but can also result from conditions such as protein-losing … Read more

Nanotechnology in Stroke Management: From Neuroprotection to Post-Stroke Recovery

  • Javeria Zaheer1,2

 Introduction Stroke is a devastating neurological disorder and one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and long-term disability worldwide [1]. It is characterized by a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, resulting in oxygen and nutrient deprivation, which rapidly leads to the loss of brain tissue and neurological function. Based on the … Read more

The Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in the Management of High-Output Bile Leak Post-Blunt Hepatic Trauma

  • Mohammed Hadi Al-Rikabi1
  • Zakaria Yahia Al-Khazraji2

Introduction The Blunt liver trauma(BLT) can be fatal and severe. As a result of the development of trauma treatment and interventional radiology, the standard of care for BLT is now non-operative management (NOM) if the haemodynamics are stable. The NOM has an efficacy rate of 85-95% [1, 2]. This outcome has resulted in the emergence … Read more