adminMedical Introduction: Liquid biopsy gets around a lot of the problems that come with tissue-based genotyping. Single-site tissue sampling often neglects tumour geographic and temporal variability; yet, repeated biopsies may be invasive, hazardous, or impractical. Genotyping based on plasma, on the other hand, speeds up the start of treatment, makes it easier to pick targeted medicines, … Read more
Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has emerged as a global public health concern, affecting nearly 850 million people worldwide, with prevalence continuing to rise across both developed and developing countries (Cockwell& Fisher, 2024). The Global Burden of Disease Study identifies CKD as the 18th leading cause of mortality and disability, with Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) … Read more
Introduction Veterinary students face a lot of difficulties in understanding complex anatomical structures due to a lack of resources. Every time, they cannot study by dissection of animals, due to limited availability of cadavers and ethical considerations {1, 2}. Textbook images and diagrams are not sufficient for proper visualization of complex anatomical structures{3}. Veterinary students … Read more
Introduction: Breast cancer represents the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality in women globally, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases and 685,000 deaths each year {1}. Incidence rates are highest in high-income countries; however, mortality is disproportionately higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to limited screening, … Read more
Introduction The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) defines ACLF as an acute hepatic insult manifesting as jaundice (serum bilirubin >5mg/dl) and coagulopathy (INR>1.5) complicated within 4 weeks by clinical ascites and/or encephalopathy in patients with previously diagnosed or undiagnosed chronic liver disease, associated with high 28-day mortality {1}. The etiology … Read more
Introduction Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), known as Kasrat-e-Tams in Unani medicine, represents a significant gynaecological concern affecting 4-51.6% of women globally, with a substantial impact on their physical, social, emotional, and material quality of life [1]. The variation in prevalence reflects both the multicultural nature of study populations and the subjective nature of the condition, … Read more
Introduction End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESRD) represents the terminal stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is characterized by the irreversible loss of renal function. For most patients with ESRD, renal replacement therapy becomes essential for survival, with hemodialysis (HD) remaining the most widely employed modality worldwide. Over the last several decades, HD has significantly improved … Read more
Introduction: A malformation of the large intestine’s (colon’s) embryonic development is known as Hirschsprung’s disease (HD). It is characterised by an abnormality of the colon’s motor function. This is because the ganglion cells of Auerbach’s plexus in the muscularis and Meissner’s plexus in the submucosa are absent [1]. In 90% of cases, HD’s clinical symptoms … Read more
Introduction The global burden of cancer is rising, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in SSA, bearing an increasing share1. While cancer incidence in SSA is currently lower than in high-income regions, mortality rates are significantly higher, reflecting profound disparities in access to timely diagnosis and effective treatment2,3. Projections indicate a near doubling of … Read more
Introduction: Gastric cancer ranks as the fifth most prevalent malignancy worldwide and is the third primary cause of cancer-related mortality, with approximately 1 million new cases and over 760,000 deaths each year {1}. Incidence rates have decreased in high-income countries owing to advancements in food preservation and Helicobacter pylori management; however, Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly West … Read more