Review Article

Liquid Biopsy in Oncology: A Review of Global Perspectives, Sub-Saharan African Realities, and Future Innovations

  • Otene, SA 1
  • Ugwu, IV 2
  • Umobong, EO3
  • Gbaa, ZL4
  • Onyewuchi, AJ5
  • Anenga, RN6
  • Ojo, BA7
  • Gbaa, A8

Introduction: Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with almost 20 million new cases and 9.7 million deaths documented in 2022, signifying a continual rise in occurrence in both wealthy and impoverished areas [1]. Conventional tissue biopsy has proven essential for cancer diagnosis and molecular characterisation; nevertheless, it is inherently invasive, time-consuming, … Read more

Unveiling the Timeline of Liquid Biopsy Analytes Release: Review of the Implications for Early Cancer Detection

  • Umobong EO1
  • Gbaa ZL2
  • Anenga Rn3
  • Ugwu I4
  • Tsegha LJ5
  • Ojo BA6
  • Gbaa FA7
  • Otene, Sa8

Introduction Cancer remains one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality, with an estimated 19.3 million new cases and 10 million deaths reported in 2020 alone [1]. Despite advances in therapeutics, survival outcomes are largely determined by the stage at diagnosis, highlighting the critical importance of early detection. Conventional diagnostic approaches, such as … Read more

Liquid Biopsy: A Review of Non-Invasive Frontier in Cancer Diagnosis and Management

  • Anenga RN1
  • Ugwu IV2
  • Umobong EO3
  • Gbaa ZL4
  • Tsegha LJ5
  • Ojo BA6
  • Gbaa FA7
  • Otene, Sa8

Introduction: With an estimated 19.3 million new cases and almost 10 million deaths in 2020 alone, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide [1]. Invasive tissue biopsy is the conventional “gold standard” for molecular profiling and cancer diagnosis. Despite its value, this procedure is frequently constrained by its risks, which include … Read more

Role of Sū’-i- Mizāj in the Etiopathogenesis of Fawāq (Hiccups)

  • Sadaf Ambreen1
  • Nida Sultana2
  • Ataullah Fahad2

In the Unani system of medicine, mizāj (temperament) is a fundamental principle that dictates the structural and functional integrity of the body. Health (Ṣiḥḥat) is considered the result of a balanced mizāj. A deviation from this balance, termed Sū’-i-Mizāj, is the underlying cause of most diseases. Fawāq, commonly known as hiccup or hichkī, is a … Read more

Nanotechnology in Stroke Management: From Neuroprotection to Post-Stroke Recovery

  • Javeria Zaheer1,2

 Introduction Stroke is a devastating neurological disorder and one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and long-term disability worldwide [1]. It is characterized by a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, resulting in oxygen and nutrient deprivation, which rapidly leads to the loss of brain tissue and neurological function. Based on the … Read more

In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Models: Method Development, Validation And Application In CNS Drug Permeability Assessment

  • Harshita

Introduction The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents one of the most restrictive biological interfaces in the human body, functioning as a selective gatekeeper that maintains central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by regulating molecular transport between systemic circulation and brain parenchyma [1]. This specialized endothelial barrier poses significant challenges for pharmaceutical development, as it prevents approximately 98% … Read more