Review Article

Current Understanding of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Age-Related Neurological Disorders

  • Devendra Kumar Sahu

1. Introduction Population aging has emerged as one of the most significant demographic trends of the twenty-first century. Advances in healthcare, nutrition, and living standards have substantially increased life expectancy worldwide, resulting in a growing proportion of elderly individuals [1]. Although increased longevity is a positive development, it is accompanied by a rising burden of … Read more

Effects of micro and nanoplastics on human health: A narrative review

  • Luiz Antonio Del Ciampo
  • Ivan Savioli Ferraz

Introduction Since 1862, when Alexander Parkes, an English metallurgist, created parkesine from cellulose, recognised as the first synthetic polymer in history, humanity has lived with a new material of high durability, versatility, low cost, and the ability to be moulded into various shapes, which gives it great utility for the production of the most varied … Read more

Association between Bacterial Virulence Factors and Host Immune Response: An Updated Review

  • Haneen Akram Habeeb1
  • Mohammed Flayyih Tareef2
  • Nihad Khalawe Tektook3
  • Shams Al-Mundhader Saad Abd4

1. Introduction Bacterial infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in developing regions where infectious diseases continue to impose a heavy healthcare burden. The pathogenesis and clinical outcome of bacterial infections are largely determined by the interaction between bacterial virulence factors and the host immune response. These interactions are complex and … Read more

Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Biology, and Management

  • Onyewuchi, AJ1
  • Uko,AF2
  • Otene, SA3
  • Gbaa, ZL2
  • Anenga, Rn4
  • Ugwu, I 5
  • Umobong, Eo6
  • Ojo, BA7
  • Gbaa, Af8

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer mortality. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)—defined by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2—accounts for roughly 15–20% of breast cancers globally and is associated with aggressive biology, early relapse, and poorer survival compared with other subtypes … Read more

Beyond ctDNA: A Review on Integrating Multi-Analyte Liquid Biopsies for Comprehensive Cancer Management

  • Ugwu IV1
  • Umobong Eo2
  • Gbaa ZL3
  • Anenga RN4
  • Tsegha LJ5
  • Ojo BA6
  • Gbaa Fa7
  • Otene,Sa8

Introduction:                                                                                      Liquid biopsy gets around a lot of the problems that come with tissue-based genotyping. Single-site tissue sampling often neglects tumour geographic and temporal variability; yet, repeated biopsies may be invasive, hazardous, or impractical. Genotyping based on plasma, on the other hand, speeds up the start of treatment, makes it easier to pick targeted medicines, … Read more

An Overview of the current state of cancer diagnosis and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa

  • Umobong EO1
  • Ugwu IV2
  • Gbaa ZL3
  • Ojo BA2
  • Uko AF4
  • Onyewuchi AJ5
  • Gbaa AF6

Introduction The global burden of cancer is rising, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in SSA, bearing an increasing share1. While cancer incidence in SSA is currently lower than in high-income regions, mortality rates are significantly higher, reflecting profound disparities in access to timely diagnosis and effective treatment2,3. Projections indicate a near doubling of … Read more

Gastric Cancer in West Africa: A Regional Review of Epidemiology, Clinic pathology, and Management

  • Ugwu IV1
  • Umobong EO2
  • Gbaa ZL3
  • Ojo BA4
  • Uko AF3
  • Onyewuchi AJ5
  • Gbaa AF6

Introduction: Gastric cancer ranks as the fifth most prevalent malignancy worldwide and is the third primary cause of cancer-related mortality, with approximately 1 million new cases and over 760,000 deaths each year {1}. Incidence rates have decreased in high-income countries owing to advancements in food preservation and Helicobacter pylori management; however, Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly West … Read more

Maternal and Perinatal outcomes of Severe Preeclampsia and Eclampsia at the Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta: A Three-Year Retrospective Review

  • Nimotallah Ojugbele
  • David Awonuga
  • Hadijat Aremu
  • Ibrahim Sule-Odu
  • Omotola Oladosu-Aderolu

INTRODUCTION Pre-eclampsia is one of the most frequent complications of pregnancy and remains a significant contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. It is a multisystem disorder of uncertain origin, characterized by the onset of hypertension—defined as blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher—accompanied by proteinuria occurring after the 20th week of gestation in … Read more

Diabetes as a Public Health Dilemma in India: Understanding the Ripple Effects on Society

  • Kissa Zaidi1
  • Aakriti Chouhan2
  • Divya kulshreshtha2

Introduction The medications given tend to result in many micro and macrovascular complications, like heart, kidney, and neuron-associated diseases. One of the deadly kidney diseases, diabetic nephropathy, is growing in incidence, along with being hard to treat. So, this too becomes a significant limitation of the treatment with any of the currently available drugs for … Read more

Advances in Colorectal Cancer Detection: A Review of Biomarkers, Imaging and Prevention

  • Uko AF1
  • Gbaa LZ2
  • Onyewuchi AJ 1
  • Tsegha LJ 3
  • Otene, SA4

Introduction  Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the primary causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for an estimated 1.9 million new cases and 900,000 deaths annually {1}. Historically, its incidence has been greater in developed nations; however, recent epidemiological trends reveal an increasing prevalence in low- and middle-income areas, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and … Read more