The Herpesviridae family of viruses includes human cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is always present but only affects certain people. The organism has a large double-stranded DNA genome of 236 kb that codes for at least 167 gene products. More than 40 of these gene products change the host’s immune response after infection. After the first … Read more
Introduction The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects a substantial portion of the global population. While immunocompetent individuals typically experience an asymptomatic or mild infection, the acquisition of T. gondii during pregnancy presents a serious medical challenge. Primary maternal infection can lead to vertical transmission, resulting in congenital toxoplasmosis, which is associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and severe neurological … Read more
Introduction The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare and medical research is transforming the landscape of modern medicine [1]. AI, defined as the ability of computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving, is increasingly being used to augment various aspects of clinical practice and biomedical … Read more
Introduction Pill Esophagitis Pill-induced esophagitis (PE) means injury to the oesophagus from medications getting stuck, dissolving, and causing damage, often occurring in the mid-oesophagus. Common causes include certain antibiotics, NSAIDs, bisphosphonates, iron supplements, and potassium chloride, with risk factors like taking pills with inadequate water or while lying down. Symptoms typically include painful or difficult … Read more
INTRODUCTION Systemic toxicity resulting from chemical exposure, including fluoride compounds known to induce oxidative stress. Organs central to metabolism, detoxification, and excretion, particularly the liver and kidneys, are especially vulnerable, and their dysfunction often precipitates secondary metabolic, electrolyte, and redox imbalances. Alterations in hepatic enzymes, bilirubin fractions, plasma proteins, renal clearance markers, and electrolyte homeostasis … Read more
INTRODUCTION Derived from the concept of tissue being in “other places,” heterotopia describes the ectopic presence of gastric or pancreatic elements in the gastrointestinal tract [1]. The reported incidence of these anomalies varies significantly in the literature, with autopsy findings citing a frequency between 0.55% and 13.7%. Because heterotopic pancreas (HP) is typically asymptomatic, it is most frequently … Read more
1. Introduction Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has evolved as an indispensable non-invasive diagnostic tool for comprehensive cardiac assessment, providing real-time visualization of cardiac structure and function [1]. The cardiovascular system demonstrates remarkable adaptability to gravitational forces and postural changes, with body position influencing venous return, cardiac preload, stroke volume, and ultimately, hemodynamic parameters measurable by echocardiography … Read more
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 2, is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and is often considered equivalent to established CAD in terms of cardiovascular risk [1,2]. Globally, diabetes prevalence continues to rise, with significant contributions from India [3-5]. CAD remains a leading cause of mortality, and diabetes accelerates its progression … Read more
INTRODUCTION Globally, lifestyle diseases are becoming more common. With the number of persons with diabetes expected to increase from 537 million in 2021 to 643 million by 2030, T2DM in particular has become a significant global public health concern. They are becoming the leading cause of illness and mortality, surpassing communicable diseases [1]. With 26 … Read more