Introduction Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative condition primarily characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage and structural changes in the subchondral bone [1]. While these features are central to diagnosing and grading disease severity, OA is now recognized as a multifactorial disease affecting the entire synovial joint. Beyond cartilage and bone, significant … Read more
Introduction Mermaid Syndrome was initially described by Rocheus et al in 1542, and then by Palfyn et al in 1543. Mermaid syndrome, also known as sirenomelia, is an extremely uncommon congenital condition in which the lower limb is completely absent and resembles the perianal due to an evolutionary error in the caudal area with variable … Read more
Introduction Benton and associates first described Bobble Head Syndrome in 1966. Bobble Head Syndrome (BHS)is a rare pediatric neurological condition typified by involuntary, repetitive head movements that are rarely horizontal (no – no ) and frequently up and down (yes – yes) with a frequency of 2-3 hz. They are rhythmic and stereotypical, and they … Read more
IntroductionLung cancer is a leading cause of mortality globally, largely due to challenges in early detection. Existing diagnostic tools, such as imaging and biopsies, are invasive, costly, and unsuitable for widespread screening. To address these limitations, this study presents a novel framework combining wireless-enabled machine learning with electronic nose (E-nose) technology 【1】【2】【3】. By analyzing volatile … Read more
INTRODUCTION Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are pharmaceuticals that reduce stomach acid production by inhibiting the H,K-ATPase pump. They are commonly used to treat various gastrointestinal conditions characterized by altered pH levels, such as Barrett’s esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and peptic ulcers. Common PPIs include esomeprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, and omeprazole. Although PPIs generally have … Read more
Introduction Nanotechnology, the science of manipulating materials at the scale of 10–1000 nanometers, has emerged as a transformative field that intersects engineering, biology, chemistry, and physics [1-2]. This multidisciplinary approach leverages the unique properties of nanoparticles—such as their size, optoelectronic characteristics, and structural morphology—to drive innovations across diverse applications, particularly in biomedical and food sciences … Read more