Review Article

Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Biology, and Management

  • Onyewuchi, AJ1
  • Uko,AF2
  • Otene, SA3
  • Gbaa, ZL2
  • Anenga, Rn4
  • Ugwu, I 5
  • Umobong, Eo6
  • Ojo, BA7
  • Gbaa, Af8

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer mortality. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)—defined by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2—accounts for roughly 15–20% of breast cancers globally and is associated with aggressive biology, early relapse, and poorer survival compared with other subtypes … Read more

Beyond ctDNA: A Review on Integrating Multi-Analyte Liquid Biopsies for Comprehensive Cancer Management

  • Ugwu IV1
  • Umobong Eo2
  • Gbaa ZL3
  • Anenga RN4
  • Tsegha LJ5
  • Ojo BA6
  • Gbaa Fa7
  • Otene,Sa8

Introduction:                                                                                      Liquid biopsy gets around a lot of the problems that come with tissue-based genotyping. Single-site tissue sampling often neglects tumour geographic and temporal variability; yet, repeated biopsies may be invasive, hazardous, or impractical. Genotyping based on plasma, on the other hand, speeds up the start of treatment, makes it easier to pick targeted medicines, … Read more

An Overview of the current state of cancer diagnosis and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa

  • Umobong EO1
  • Ugwu IV2
  • Gbaa ZL3
  • Ojo BA2
  • Uko AF4
  • Onyewuchi AJ5
  • Gbaa AF6

Introduction The global burden of cancer is rising, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in SSA, bearing an increasing share1. While cancer incidence in SSA is currently lower than in high-income regions, mortality rates are significantly higher, reflecting profound disparities in access to timely diagnosis and effective treatment2,3. Projections indicate a near doubling of … Read more

Gastric Cancer in West Africa: A Regional Review of Epidemiology, Clinic pathology, and Management

  • Ugwu IV1
  • Umobong EO2
  • Gbaa ZL3
  • Ojo BA4
  • Uko AF3
  • Onyewuchi AJ5
  • Gbaa AF6

Introduction: Gastric cancer ranks as the fifth most prevalent malignancy worldwide and is the third primary cause of cancer-related mortality, with approximately 1 million new cases and over 760,000 deaths each year {1}. Incidence rates have decreased in high-income countries owing to advancements in food preservation and Helicobacter pylori management; however, Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly West … Read more

Maternal and Perinatal outcomes of Severe Preeclampsia and Eclampsia at the Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta: A Three-Year Retrospective Review

  • Nimotallah Ojugbele
  • David Awonuga
  • Hadijat Aremu
  • Ibrahim Sule-Odu
  • Omotola Oladosu-Aderolu

INTRODUCTION Pre-eclampsia is one of the most frequent complications of pregnancy and remains a significant contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. It is a multisystem disorder of uncertain origin, characterized by the onset of hypertension—defined as blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher—accompanied by proteinuria occurring after the 20th week of gestation in … Read more

Diabetes as a Public Health Dilemma in India: Understanding the Ripple Effects on Society

  • Kissa Zaidi1
  • Aakriti Chouhan2
  • Divya kulshreshtha2

Introduction The medications given tend to result in many micro and macrovascular complications, like heart, kidney, and neuron-associated diseases. One of the deadly kidney diseases, diabetic nephropathy, is growing in incidence, along with being hard to treat. So, this too becomes a significant limitation of the treatment with any of the currently available drugs for … Read more

Advances in Colorectal Cancer Detection: A Review of Biomarkers, Imaging and Prevention

  • Uko AF1
  • Gbaa LZ2
  • Onyewuchi AJ 1
  • Tsegha LJ 3
  • Otene, SA4

Introduction  Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the primary causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for an estimated 1.9 million new cases and 900,000 deaths annually {1}. Historically, its incidence has been greater in developed nations; however, recent epidemiological trends reveal an increasing prevalence in low- and middle-income areas, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and … Read more

Liquid Biopsy in Oncology: A Review of Global Perspectives, Sub-Saharan African Realities, and Future Innovations

  • Otene, SA 1
  • Ugwu, IV 2
  • Umobong, EO3
  • Gbaa, ZL4
  • Onyewuchi, AJ5
  • Anenga, RN6
  • Ojo, BA7
  • Gbaa, A8

Introduction: Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with almost 20 million new cases and 9.7 million deaths documented in 2022, signifying a continual rise in occurrence in both wealthy and impoverished areas [1]. Conventional tissue biopsy has proven essential for cancer diagnosis and molecular characterisation; nevertheless, it is inherently invasive, time-consuming, … Read more

Unveiling the Timeline of Liquid Biopsy Analytes Release: Review of the Implications for Early Cancer Detection

  • Umobong EO1
  • Gbaa ZL2
  • Anenga Rn3
  • Ugwu I4
  • Tsegha LJ5
  • Ojo BA6
  • Gbaa FA7
  • Otene, Sa8

Introduction Cancer remains one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality, with an estimated 19.3 million new cases and 10 million deaths reported in 2020 alone [1]. Despite advances in therapeutics, survival outcomes are largely determined by the stage at diagnosis, highlighting the critical importance of early detection. Conventional diagnostic approaches, such as … Read more

Liquid Biopsy: A Review of Non-Invasive Frontier in Cancer Diagnosis and Management

  • Anenga RN1
  • Ugwu IV2
  • Umobong EO3
  • Gbaa ZL4
  • Tsegha LJ5
  • Ojo BA6
  • Gbaa FA7
  • Otene, Sa8

Introduction: With an estimated 19.3 million new cases and almost 10 million deaths in 2020 alone, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide [1]. Invasive tissue biopsy is the conventional “gold standard” for molecular profiling and cancer diagnosis. Despite its value, this procedure is frequently constrained by its risks, which include … Read more