1. Introduction Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, affecting billions of people across all age groups. Globally, an estimated 2 billion individuals suffer from caries in permanent teeth, while approximately 514 million children are affected in their primary dentition [1]. This significant global burden reflects the persistent challenges related to … Read more
The concept of blood groups has been well-established since the early 20th century with the discovery of the ABO and Rh blood group systems. These systems, along with others like the MNS, Kell, Duffy, and others, have been essential in blood transfusion, organ transplantations, and understanding human genetics[1]. However, the identification of novel blood group … Read more
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer mortality. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)—defined by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2—accounts for roughly 15–20% of breast cancers globally and is associated with aggressive biology, early relapse, and poorer survival compared with other subtypes … Read more
Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder that causes irreversible damage to both kidneys. Its global prevalence is high, averaging 11% in the United States and Europe, excluding patients on dialysis or with functioning transplants. Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of CKD. The main goal of hemodialysis is to restore fluid and … Read more
INTRODUCTION Ketogenic diets have high fat concentration, low protein, and very low carbohydrates. They enhance ketone body production due to the breakdown of fat to produce energy [ 1]. KD is are effective treatment for most metabolic diseases, including tumour growth [2]. Studies have shown that KD has curative benefits. It has been recommended as … Read more
Introduction: Liquid biopsy gets around a lot of the problems that come with tissue-based genotyping. Single-site tissue sampling often neglects tumour geographic and temporal variability; yet, repeated biopsies may be invasive, hazardous, or impractical. Genotyping based on plasma, on the other hand, speeds up the start of treatment, makes it easier to pick targeted medicines, … Read more
Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has emerged as a global public health concern, affecting nearly 850 million people worldwide, with prevalence continuing to rise across both developed and developing countries (Cockwell& Fisher, 2024). The Global Burden of Disease Study identifies CKD as the 18th leading cause of mortality and disability, with Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) … Read more
Introduction Veterinary students face a lot of difficulties in understanding complex anatomical structures due to a lack of resources. Every time, they cannot study by dissection of animals, due to limited availability of cadavers and ethical considerations {1, 2}. Textbook images and diagrams are not sufficient for proper visualization of complex anatomical structures{3}. Veterinary students … Read more
Introduction: Breast cancer represents the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality in women globally, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases and 685,000 deaths each year {1}. Incidence rates are highest in high-income countries; however, mortality is disproportionately higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to limited screening, … Read more
Introduction The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) defines ACLF as an acute hepatic insult manifesting as jaundice (serum bilirubin >5mg/dl) and coagulopathy (INR>1.5) complicated within 4 weeks by clinical ascites and/or encephalopathy in patients with previously diagnosed or undiagnosed chronic liver disease, associated with high 28-day mortality {1}. The etiology … Read more